Genetic continuity and change among the Indigenous peoples of California.

Before the colonial period, California harboured more language variation than all of Europe, and linguistic and archaeological analyses have led to many hypotheses to explain this diversity1. We report genome-wide data from 79 ancient individuals from California and 40 ancient individuals from Northern Mexico dating to 7,400-200 years before present (BP). Our analyses document long-term genetic continuity between people living on the Northern Channel Islands of California and the adjacent Santa Barbara mainland coast from 7,400 years BP to modern Chumash groups represented by individuals who lived around 200 years BP. The distinctive genetic lineages that characterize present-day and ancient people from Northwest Mexico increased in frequency in Southern and Central California by 5,200 years BP, providing evidence for northward migrations that are candidates for spreading Uto-Aztecan languages before the dispersal of maize agriculture from Mexico2-4. Individuals from Baja California share more alleles with the earliest individual from Central California in the dataset than with later individuals from Central California, potentially reflecting an earlier linguistic substrate, whose impact on local ancestry was diluted by later migrations from inland regions1,5. After 1,600 years BP, ancient individuals from the Channel Islands lived in communities with effective sizes similar to those in pre-agricultural Caribbean and Patagonia, and smaller than those on the California mainland and in sampled regions of Mexico.

Diseases of Africans, an African disease: transformations of quijila between Central West Africa and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. / Doenças de africanos, doença africana: transformações da quijila, entre a África centro-ocidental e as Minas Gerais, Brasil, séculos XVII e XVIII.

This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.

Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.

Alimentos sin finalidad nutricional en la terapéutica médica hospitalaria de la edad moderna en el Hospital de Santiago de Vitoria (Álava, España) / Food without nutritional purpose in the medical therapeutics in the modern age at Hospital de Santiago in Vitoria (Alava, Spain)

Introducción: con ser importante, la alimentación en los hospitales medievales y modernos distó de la excelencia y abundancia que sugierenalgunos historiadores, probablemente por una incorrecta valoración de la documentación hospitalaria al considerar como destinado a la alimentación todo gasto en alimentos, cuando buena parte tuvo como destino la botica.Objetivo/método: identificar los alimentos utilizados para una finalidad terapéutica no nutricional durante la edad moderna en el Hospital deSantiago Apóstol de Vitoria (Álava, España), describir su sistema de consignación y revisar la bibliografía del periodo para facilitar estrategias devaloración documental a los investigadores.Resultados: entre 1592 y 1813 se identifican 42 grupos de alimentos adquiridos para finalidades terapéuticas no nutritivas. El sistema deanotación en los libros de gastos no es sistemático ni homogéneo sino muy variable y dependiente de quien efectuara el asiento. Se identifican27 términos para el reconocimiento de que un determinado alimento tuviera por destino la botica y no la cocina. Se escogen 14 textos sanitariosdel periodo como bibliografía clarificadora, encontrándose de mayor utilidad para los fines propuestos los manuales enfermeros del siglo XVII.Conclusiones: la variedad y cantidad de alimentos destinados a la botica evidencia el riesgo de confusión en los investigadores no familiarizadosal analizar las dietas hospitalarias desde los libros de contabilidad. La propuesta de términos y estrategias de discriminación del uso nutricionalo no nutricional de los alimentos adquiridos, junto a la recomendación bibliográfica, resulta indispensable para una adecuada valoración de lasdietas hospitalarias históricas. (AU)

Introduction: although important, food in medieval and modern hospitals was far from the excellence and abundance suggested by somehistorians, probably due to an incorrect assessment of hospital documentation, considering all food expenditure to be for food when much of itwas destined for the apothecary’s shop.Aim/method: to identify the foodstuffs used for non-nutritional therapeutic purposes during the modern age at Hospital de Santiago in Vitoria(Alava, Spain), to describe the system of consignment, and to review the bibliography of the period in order to facilitate documentary assessmentstrategies for researchers.Results: between 1592 and 1813, 42 groups of foodstuffs acquired for non-nutritional therapeutic purposes were identified. The system of annotation in the expenditure books is neither systematic nor homogeneous, but highly variable and dependent on who made the entry. Twenty-seventerms were identified for the recognition that a given foodstuff was intended for the apothecary’s shop and not the kitchen. Fourteen sanitarytexts of the period were chosen as clarifying bibliography, finding the 17th century nursing manuals most useful for the proposed purposes.Conclusions: the variety and quantity of foodstuffs destined for the apothecary’s shop shows the risk of confusion in unfamiliar researcherswhen analysing hospital diets from account books. A proposal of terms and strategies for discriminating the nutritional or non-nutritional use ofthe food acquired, together with bibliographical recommendations, is essential for an adequate assessment of historical hospital diets. (AU)

[Brief introduction on compilation and editions of Yang ke xuan cui].

Yang ke xuan cui («¼) is a surgical work compiled by Chen Wenzhi () of the Ming Dynasty. There are few of research on the completion and author of the book. Based on the evidences in the local chronicles, the prefaces and postscripts of the book, it has been verified that the book was originally completed no later than 1591, and Chen Wenzhi passed away no later than 1623. After investigating the 6 editions collected by 8 institutions, a collection of 11 books in total, by comparing the characteristics and circulation relationship of each edition, two systems of circulation were sorted out: block-printed edition of Xu Xi () and review edition of Xu Dachun ().

La Academia de los Linceos y su historial de resurgimientos / The Lincei Academy and its History of Revivals

El manuscrito hace una revisión sobre la historia de la Academia de Los Linceanos creada a principios de siglo XVII con todas las vicisitudes que rodearon una existencia la cual ya supera los 500 años. Como una muestra cabal de sus claroscuros se efectúa un repaso de las peripecias atravesadas en los años del fascismo, la política antisemita que la atravesó y la posterior reconstitución concluida la guerra. Vayan pues para ella, los deseos de una travesía en plena armonía y no más sobresaltos. (AU)

The manuscript reviews the history of the Academy of the Linceans created at the beginning of the 17th century with all its ups and downs surrounding an existence that already exceeds 500 years. As a clear example of such chiaroscuro, an account of the threats experienced during the fascist period together with its piercing anti-Semitic policy, and the subsequent reconstitution after the war, is also made. Long live then to the Academy, and our very best wishes for a consonant future devoid of upsetting facts. (AU)

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1723-2023: a review to commemorate Van Leeuwenhoek's death, 300 years ago : For submission to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek journal of microbiology.

In the 300 years since Van Leeuwenhoek died, some of the details around his life and his work have provided material for discussion or dispute. As archives and libraries are being scanned and technology improves, information is becoming more readily available. This review therefore aims to take a new look at some of those discussions, and Van Leeuwenhoek's possible experimental methods. Digital photography has made it possible to show exactly what can be seen through his simple microscopes, and how he could have obtained his results by, for example, modifying his microscopes and lighting. Equally, the completion of the series known as the Collected Letters, begun in 1931 with volume 1 published in 1939 and to be completed in 2023, allows researchers to see complete letters in English and modern Dutch. Theories about experimental methods can be tested and the results recorded photographically. Additionally, new, non-destructive techniques such as neutron tomography have improved the evaluation of the authenticity of surviving microscopes.

The history of Danish neuroscience.

The history of Danish neuroscience starts with an account of impressive contributions made at the 17th century. Thomas Bartholin was the first Danish neuroscientist, and his disciple Nicolaus Steno became internationally one of the most prominent neuroscientists in this period. From the start, Danish neuroscience was linked to clinical disciplines. This continued in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries with new initiatives linking basic neuroscience to clinical neurology and psychiatry in the same scientific environment. Subsequently, from the middle of the 20th century, basic neuroscience was developing rapidly within the preclinical university sector. Clinical neuroscience continued and was even reinforced during this period with important translational research and a close co-operation between basic and clinical neuroscience. To distinguish 'history' from 'present time' is not easy, as many historical events continue in present time. Therefore, we decided to consider 'History' as new major scientific developments in Denmark, which were launched before the end of the 20th century. With this aim, scientists mentioned will have been born, with a few exceptions, no later than the early 1960s. However, we often refer to more recent publications in documenting the developments of initiatives launched before the end of the last century. In addition, several scientists have moved to Denmark after the beginning of the present century, and they certainly are contributing to the present status of Danish neuroscience-but, again, this is not the History of Danish neuroscience.

The Emergence and Effects of the First Anatomy Theatres in Western Europe / El Surgimiento y los Efectos de las Primeras Salas de Anatomía en Europa Occidental

SUMMARY: The spread of the idea that the human body should be learned from cadavers, especially under the leadership of Vesalius, and the strong support of this idea among surgeons and medical students of that period, led to the emergence of anatomy theatres, particularly in the rich centres of Western Europe. Anatomy theatres have become prestigious places that make contributions to financial income for the cities they are located in. They have contributed to the importance of universities with the students they attract. Anatomy has become a more visual and international science because of the spread of anatomical drawings in scientific medical books, the newly invented printing press making it easier to print more books and the increasing interest of the people of the period. Learning medicine has become easier with the spread of visual anatomy books and cadaver studies. Cadaver studies and anatomy theatres, which started to become widespread under the leadership of brave science warriors such as Vesalius, who lived in the Renaissance period, became the subject of the paintings of painters of the period such as Rembrandt under the name anatomy activities. It is beneficial and necessary for society to keep in memory what this period brought to the world of anatomy and the present with its historical processes.

La difusión de la idea de que el cuerpo humano se debe aprender a partir de cadáveres, especialmente bajo el liderazgo de Vesalius, y el fuerte apoyo de esta idea entre los cirujanos y estudiantes de medicina de ese período, condujo al surgimiento de las salas de anatomía, particularmente en los ricos centros de Europa Occidental. Las salas de anatomía se han convertido en lugares de prestigio que contribuyen a los ingresos económicos de las ciudades en las que están ubicados y han contribuido a la importancia de las universidades con los estudiantes que atraen. La anatomía se ha convertido en una ciencia más visual e internacional debido a la difusión de los dibujos anatómicos en los libros médicos científicos, la imprenta recién inventada que facilita la impresión de libros y el creciente interés de la gente de la época. Aprender medicina se ha vuelto más fácil con la difusión de libros de anatomía visual y estudios de cadáveres. Los estudios de cadáveres y las salas de anatomía, que comenzaron a generalizarse bajo el liderazgo de valientes guerreros de la ciencia como Vesalius, que vivió en el Renacimiento, se convirtieron en el tema de las pinturas de artistas de la época como Rembrandt bajo el nombre de actividades de anatomía. Es beneficioso y necesario que la sociedad guarde en la memoria lo que este período trajo al mundo de la anatomía y el presente con sus procesos históricos.

[Crohn disease: before and after 1932 year].

The article describes the historical milestones in the study of Crohn's disease from the time of its original description in the 17th century, the revolution in the medical community after the landmark paper in 1932, to the present day. The history of Crohn's disease testifies to the discoveries of the past years, which open up to us the advantages of a scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Advances in Microscopy Tech Offer Better Views.

Microscopes have come a very long way since the 1600s when Henry Power, Robert Hooke, and Anton van Leeuwenhoek began publishing the first views of plant cells and bacteria. The major inventions of contrast, electron, and scanning tunneling microscopes didn't arrive until the 20th century, and the men behind them all earned Nobel Prizes in physics for their efforts. Today, innovations in microscopy are coming at a fast and furious rate with new technologies providing first-time views and information about biological structures and activity, and opening up new avenues for disease therapies.

Venae spermaticae post aures: The early modern angiology-neurology of virility.

The famous discussion of Scythian cross-dressers in Hippocrates' Airs Waters Places (Aer.) 22 puzzled perhaps most medieval and Renaissance medical authorities. The text wrestled with a pre-Hippocratic, encephalocentric theory of spermatogenesis. Modern reception of the convoluted hypothesis put forward here gradually distilled three etiologies of failing virility: impotence, subfertility, and unmanliness. A gradual shift is discernable from increasingly Galenic neuro-andrological theories (sixteenth century) to neuropsychiatric (late-seventeenth through eighteenth century), phrenological and psychopathological (early- and late-nineteenth century), and finally early psycho-endocrinological (early-twentieth century) ideas about masculinity. Aer. 22 was a ubiquitously recurring reference across all of these episodes, indeed well beyond medicine, rendering it a highly sensitive index of change in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric thinking. The pre-Enlightenment, neurology-centric onset of this extended modern history of sexual/gender medicine is briefly discussed, as well as its phrenological afterlife.

Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast.

The urban peoples of the Swahili coast traded across eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean and were among the first practitioners of Islam among sub-Saharan people1,2. The extent to which these early interactions between Africans and non-Africans were accompanied by genetic exchange remains unknown. Here we report ancient DNA data for 80 individuals from 6 medieval and early modern (AD 1250-1800) coastal towns and an inland town after AD 1650. More than half of the DNA of many of the individuals from coastal towns originates from primarily female ancestors from Africa, with a large proportion-and occasionally more than half-of the DNA coming from Asian ancestors. The Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80-90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men. Peoples of African and Asian origins began to mix by about AD 1000, coinciding with the large-scale adoption of Islam. Before about AD 1500, the Southwest Asian ancestry was mainly Persian-related, consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle, the oldest history told by people of the Swahili coast3. After this time, the sources of DNA became increasingly Arabian, consistent with evidence of growing interactions with southern Arabia4. Subsequent interactions with Asian and African people further changed the ancestry of present-day people of the Swahili coast in relation to the medieval individuals whose DNA we sequenced.

Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and Lacteis Venis: Four Centuries From the Discovery of Lymphatic System.

The first half of the seventeenth century may be seen as the turning point of knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, as also demonstrated by the works by William Harvey (1578-1657) on the circulation of the blood. This article aims to present biographic context of the surgeon Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and his rather fortuitous discovery of the lacteals in Milan in 1622, that contributed to the comprehension of the lymphatic system. The experimentation on living animals (anatomia animata, living anatomy), and particularly the vivisection used by Gaspare Aselli provided the basis for much of the subsequent investigation of the human physiology. In particular, the discovery of lymphatics challenged the basis of the Galenic doctrine, denying the liver the central role it had formerly been granted in transforming food into blood and revolutionized the ancient hepatocentrism in favor of the modern concept of cardiocentrism.

Exposed and Abandoned. Origins of the Foundling Hospital.

Abandoning undesired newborn infants was a Roman form of family limitation. They were exposed or given to foster mothers. Christianization alleviated their lot when in 374 CE, Emperor Valentinian's law provided some protection. The Milan Foundling Hospital was established in 787 CE. When the Carolingian Empire fell apart during the 10th century, monastic networks (the Holy Spirit Order and Daughters of Charity) took over social support for the poor, the sick, and the insane. Foundling hospitals proliferated in Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries, in France during the 16th and 17th, and in Germany and Austria in the 18th century. Metropolitan hospices admitted thousands of infants each year. Most were not "found" exposed but were admitted anonymously via a revolving box or registered in an open office. Soon after admission, they were transported for foster care to wet nurses in villages. Sick infants, especially those suspected of suffering from syphilis, were denied the breast, and artificial feeding was tried with little success. Official death statistics were falsified by relating infant deaths not to admissions but to the total number of children cared for. Over 60% died during their first year of life, mostly from pre-admission problems such as malformation, hypothermia, and disease; from poor hygiene in overcrowded wards; and from artificial feeding. Although not intended for that purpose, the hospices became medical research institutions when in late 18th century, physicians and surgeons were employed by maternity and foundling hospitals.

Por uma pesquisa e escrita parafusos: pulos, rodopios e invenções de si / For research and writing screws: jumps, twirls and inventions of self / Para tornillos de investigación y escritura: saltos, giros e autoinvenciones

O artigo parte da aposta na pesquisa como uma prática em movimento, na composição de territórios do ato de pesquisar como uma experiência. Inspiradas(os) na força disruptiva do torcer-retorcer dos Parafusos (folguedo sergipano, derivado de práticas de resistência à escravidão dos povos pretos), propomos um método-pensamento de inventar modos de ver, dizer e narrar a partir daquilo que está ao nosso redor, uma posição em relação ao mundo e a si mesmo, engendrando a ideia de que este mundo não é um dado, mas um efeito de nossas práticas. A partir dessa perspectiva, intentamos interpelar as próprias práticas discursivas e não discursivas da Psicologia, em favor de abrir trilhas nas quais esse saber possa refundar sua própria história, acentuando suas descontinuidades e heterogeneidades e, com isso, uma atitude de fazer frente às tendências colonialistas, agora em suas versões neoliberais. Esse modo de pesquisar se faz por: operar uma ideia-método genealógico-cartográfica e uma escrita polifônica; produzir máquinas de guerras nômades, minoritárias, pós-identitárias, decoloniais; e inventar com aquilo que está ao nosso redor em favor de saberes e fazeres das redes locais, que, tais como a planta mangabeira, não se deixam domesticar.(AU)

The article starts from the research as a moving practice; in the composition of territories of the act of researching as an experience. Inspired by the disruptive force of the twisting-twining of the Screws (revelry from Sergipe, derived from practices of resistance to the slavery of black people), we propose a thought-method of inventing ways of seeing, saying, and narrating from what is around us, a position in relation to the world and itself, engendering the idea that this world is not a given, but an effect of our practices. From this perspective, we try to question the very discursive and non-discursive practices of Psychology, in favor of opening trails, in which this knowledge can refund its own history, accentuating its discontinuities and heterogeneities and, thus, an attitude of facing the colonialist tendencies, now in their neoliberal versions. This way of searching is done by: operating a genealogical-cartographic idea-method and polyphonic writing; producing nomadic, minority, post-identity, decolonial war machines; and inventing with what is around us, in favor of knowledge and practices of local networks, which, like the mangabeira plant, do not allow domestication.(AU)

Este artículo parte de la investigación como práctica en movimiento, en la composición de territorios del acto de investigar como experiencia. Inspirándonos en la fuerza disruptiva de torsión-retorsión de los Tornillos (juerga de Sergipe, derivada de prácticas de resistencia a la esclavitud de los negros), proponemos un método de pensamiento para inventar formas de ver, decir y narrar a partir de lo que nos rodea, una posición en relación con el mundo y con él mismo, el cual constituye la idea de que este mundo no es un hecho, sino un efecto de nuestras prácticas. Desde esta perspectiva, pretendemos cuestionar las prácticas discursivas y no discursivas de la Psicología en favor de abrir caminos, en las cuales este conocimiento pueda refundar su propia historia, acentuando sus discontinuidades y heterogeneidades y, así, una actitud de hacer ante las prácticas colonialistas, ahora desde una perspectiva neoliberal. Este modo de investigación se realiza mediante: el funcionamiento de un método-idea de escritura genealógica, cartográfica y polifónica; la producción de máquinas de guerra nómadas, minoritarias y posidentitarias; y la composición con el tema que nos rodea a favor del conocimiento y las redes locales que no puede ser domesticada, como el árbol mangabeira.(AU)

Doenças de africanos, doença africana: transformações da quijila, entre a África centro-ocidental e as Minas Gerais, Brasil, séculos XVII e XVIII / Diseases of Africans, an African disease: transformations of quijila between Central West Africa and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Resumo Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.

Abstract This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.

As receitas médicas de Hannah Woolley: prática cotidiana e autoridade feminina na Inglaterra do século XVII / The medicinal recipes of Hannah Woolley: everyday practice and female authority in seventeenth-century England

Resumo O artigo retrata os interesses de uma escritora inglesa do século XVII sobre cuidados médicos, e as razões que a levaram a publicar textos sobre essa matéria. Hannah Woolley tecia orientações sobre diversos assuntos do âmbito doméstico, entre os quais receitas para preservar a beleza e a saúde. O artigo investiga os princípios que regiam o preparo dessas receitas, as intenções de Woolley ao escrever sobre o tema, e a maneira como a medicina acadêmica era traduzida e praticada por mulheres no cotidiano da época. O delineamento dessas questões ajudará a elucidar o cenário de atuação das curadoras letradas e a natureza das relações que teceram com os médicos eruditos.

Abstract This article describes a seventeenth-century English woman writer's interests in medical care and the reasons that led her to publish texts on this topic. Hannah Woolley offered guidance on a wide variety of topics in the domestic sphere, including recipes for health and beauty. Here we investigate the principles that governed the preparation of these recipes, Woolley's intentions in writing on this topic, and the way in which academic medicine was translated and practiced by women routinely during this period. Defining these issues will help shed light on the scenario in which literate female healers worked and the nature of their relationships with learned physicians.